ANALYSIS OF THE POTENTIAL FOR DEVELOPING "SMALL SMART CITIES" IN KAZAKHSTAN: THE CASE OF THE SHU, AYAGOZ AND SHALKAR CITIES

Abstract

This study investigates the potential for developing “small smart cities” in Kazakhstan, using Shu, Ayagoz, and Shalkar as case studies. The research addresses the need for balanced territorial development through digital transformation, emphasizing the importance of extending smart city concepts beyond major urban centers. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study integrates the Smart City Readiness Index (SCRI), stakeholder insight analysis, and governance assessment to evaluate these cities' preparedness for smart transformation. The findings reveal substantial disparities in readiness across the three cities. Shu demonstrates the highest level of readiness (43%) across key dimensions, including digital infrastructure, economic potential, and stakeholder engagement. Ayagoz and Shalkar, though strategically located as transport hubs, lag due to weak institutional capacity, limited digital infrastructure, and insufficient stakeholder participation. All cities show notably low performance in environmental sustainability and public-private partnership development. Stakeholder analysis further highlights Shu’s relative strength in intersectoral coordination, public engagement, and trust-building mechanisms. Meanwhile, Ayagoz and Shalkar face challenges in mobilizing local academia, international partners, and civil society. Governance assessments underline the need for improved local administrative capacity, consistent funding, legal clarity, and digital governance practices in smaller municipalities. The study concludes that while small cities like Shu have foundational advantages for implementing smart city initiatives, significant institutional, infrastructural, and participatory challenges remain in Ayagoz and Shalkar. The authors recommend targeted policy interventions, enhanced stakeholder collaboration, and pilot projects tailored to local contexts. The research contributes to the discourse on equitable digital urbanization and offers practical insights for policymakers aiming to foster inclusive and sustainable smart city development in secondary urban centers across Kazakhstan