Высыхание озер в Центральной Азии и изменение окружающей среды
Ключевые слова:
озера, Аральское море, водный баланс, Центральная Азия, опустыниваниеАннотация
Центральная Азия богата многочисленными континентальными озерами. Аральское море относилось к разряду крупных резервуаров воды на Земле. Из-за научно необоснованного и неконтролируемого забора воды на орошение земель в Средней Азии и Казахстане, начавшегося в 50-60-е годы прошлого века, сток воды в Арал резко уменьшился, а в 1980-е годы и прекратился вовсе. В результате антропогенное воздействие на экосистему бассейна привело к негативным последствиям: произошло засоление почвы, опустынивание территории и изменение окружающей среды. В статье рассмотрены изменение водного баланса в бассейне Аральского моря связанных с антропогенным воздействием, приведшие к негативным экологическим последствиям.Библиографические ссылки
1 1. Micklin P.P. The Aral Sea disaster. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci.,2007. 35:47–72
2 2. Bortnik V.N. Changes in the water-level and hydrological balance of the Aral Sea. See Micklin&Williams, 1996, p. 25–32.
3 3. Micklin P.P. The Water Management Crisis in Soviet Central Asia: The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European,Stud. No. 905. Pittsburgh: Cent. Russ /East Eur. Stud. 1991.
4 4. Glazovskiy N.F. The Aral Crisis: Causative Factors and Means of Solution. – M.: Nauka,1990. 287 p.
5 5. Chub V.Y. Regional problems of estimating the influence of aerosols (of anthropogenic and natural occurrence) on the climatic characteristics of the Central Asiatic region. In Materials for the Regional Scientific Seminar Aeolian Transport of Salt in the Aral Sea Basin, p. 3–4, March 4–5. Tashkent, Uzbekistan: Exec. Comm. Int. Fund Save Aral Sea, World Bank, Main Admin. Hydrometeorol.Uzbekistan,1998.
6 6. Anokhin Y.A., Borisov V.A., Kulikova I.L., Surnin V.A., Bobonikova T.E. The concept and results of implementation of regional monitoring. In Monitoring the Natural Environment inBasin of the Aral Sea, ed. LL Lentovskaya, - Leningrad.:Gydrometeoizdat,1991. pp. 208–214.
7 7. Lean G. 2006. The dead sea that sprang to life. The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk
8 8. A.A. Hydrology of USSR. Part 2. General Hydrology. Chapter 21. Middle Asia and Kazakhstan. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat,1952.
9 9. Gvozdetskii N.A., Mikhailov N.I. Physical Geography of USSR: Asian part. Moscow,1978.
10 10.Micklin P.P. The past, present, and future Aral sea. Lakes Reserv Res Manag,2010, 15:193–213.
11 11. V.N., Chistyaevaya S.P., eds. Hydrometeorology and Hydrochemistry of the Seas of the USSR. Vol. VIII: Aral Sea. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1990.
12 12. Shivareva S., Ponenkova Y., Smerdov B. Modeling the level of the Aral Sea. In Problems of the Aral Sea Basin, Research, Projects, Proposals, pp. 5–10. Tashkent: Chinor ENK,1998.
13 13. Izrayel’ Y.A, Anokhin Y.A. Issues of estimating the ecological, social and economic consequences of the degradation of the natural environment in the near Aral region. In Monitoring the Natural Environment in the Basin of the Aral Sea, ed. LL Lentovskaya, Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat,1991. p. 4–6.
14 14. Orlovsky L., Orlovsky N. White sand storms in Central Asia. Youlin, Y., Squired, V., Qi, l., (Eds.) 2001. Global Alarm: Dust and sand storms from the World’s Drylands, UNCCD report, Bangkok, 2001, p. 169–201.
15 15. Ptichnikov A., ed. Sustainable Development of Ecology and Land and Water Use through Implementation of a GIS and Remote Sensing Center in Karakalpakstan. Bull. 1, NATO Sci. Peace Proj. 974101. Uzbekistan: Moscow, 2000-2003.
16 16. Micklin P.P. Managing Water in Central Asia. Central Asian and Caucasian Prospects. London: R. Inst. Int. Aff. 2000.
17 17. Micklin P.P. The Aral Sea crisis. In: Nihoul J.C.J, Zavialov P.O, Micklin P.P (eds) Dying and dead seas: climatic versus anthropic causes. NATO science series IV: earth and environmental sciences, Vol. 36. Kluwer, Boston, 2004, p. 99–125.
18 18. Khvorog G.V. ed. Ecological Map of the Near Aral Region. Alma-Ata: Kazakhstan,1992.
19 19. Novikova N. The Tugai of the Aral Sea Region is dying: Can it be restored? Russ. Conserv. News, 1996, 6:22–23.
20 20. Severskiy I., Chervanyov I., Ponamorenko Y., Novikova N.M., Miagkov S.V., et al. Global International Waters Assessment (GIWA) 24, Aral Sea. Univ. Kalmar, Swed., UN Environ. Progr.,2005.
21 21. Chub V.Y. Climate Change and Its Influence on the Natural Resource Potential of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Tashkent: Glavgidromet,2002.
22 22. Palvaniyazov M. The influence of dust storms on the habitats of certain mammals of the coastal zone of the Aral Sea. Probl. OsvoyeniyaPustyn,1989, 1:55–59.
23 23. World Bank (WB). Aral Sea Basin Program (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan)Washington, DC:Water Environ. Manag. Proj., 1998.
24 24. Bel’gibayev M.Y. A dust/salt meter—an apparatus for entraining dust and salt from air currents. Probl. OsvoyeniyaPustyn.,1984, 1:72–74.
25 25. Issanova G., Abuduwaili J., Galayeva O. Semenov O., Bazarbayeva T. 2015. Aeolian transportation of sand and dust in the Aral Sea region. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 12:3213–3224, DOI 10.1007/s13762-015-0753-x
26 26. Abdirov C.A., Agadzhanyan N.A., Vervikhvost A.V., Primbetov K.P., Severin A.Y., et al. Stress reaction of healthy children of Nukus from the effects of ecological factors in Priaral’ye. Vestn. Karakalp. Otdel. Akad. Nauk Resp. Uzb.,1993, 2:15–20.
27 27. Tursunov A.A. The Aral Sea and the ecological situation in Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Gidrotekh.Stroit., 1989, 6:15-22.
2 2. Bortnik V.N. Changes in the water-level and hydrological balance of the Aral Sea. See Micklin&Williams, 1996, p. 25–32.
3 3. Micklin P.P. The Water Management Crisis in Soviet Central Asia: The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European,Stud. No. 905. Pittsburgh: Cent. Russ /East Eur. Stud. 1991.
4 4. Glazovskiy N.F. The Aral Crisis: Causative Factors and Means of Solution. – M.: Nauka,1990. 287 p.
5 5. Chub V.Y. Regional problems of estimating the influence of aerosols (of anthropogenic and natural occurrence) on the climatic characteristics of the Central Asiatic region. In Materials for the Regional Scientific Seminar Aeolian Transport of Salt in the Aral Sea Basin, p. 3–4, March 4–5. Tashkent, Uzbekistan: Exec. Comm. Int. Fund Save Aral Sea, World Bank, Main Admin. Hydrometeorol.Uzbekistan,1998.
6 6. Anokhin Y.A., Borisov V.A., Kulikova I.L., Surnin V.A., Bobonikova T.E. The concept and results of implementation of regional monitoring. In Monitoring the Natural Environment inBasin of the Aral Sea, ed. LL Lentovskaya, - Leningrad.:Gydrometeoizdat,1991. pp. 208–214.
7 7. Lean G. 2006. The dead sea that sprang to life. The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk
8 8. A.A. Hydrology of USSR. Part 2. General Hydrology. Chapter 21. Middle Asia and Kazakhstan. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat,1952.
9 9. Gvozdetskii N.A., Mikhailov N.I. Physical Geography of USSR: Asian part. Moscow,1978.
10 10.Micklin P.P. The past, present, and future Aral sea. Lakes Reserv Res Manag,2010, 15:193–213.
11 11. V.N., Chistyaevaya S.P., eds. Hydrometeorology and Hydrochemistry of the Seas of the USSR. Vol. VIII: Aral Sea. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1990.
12 12. Shivareva S., Ponenkova Y., Smerdov B. Modeling the level of the Aral Sea. In Problems of the Aral Sea Basin, Research, Projects, Proposals, pp. 5–10. Tashkent: Chinor ENK,1998.
13 13. Izrayel’ Y.A, Anokhin Y.A. Issues of estimating the ecological, social and economic consequences of the degradation of the natural environment in the near Aral region. In Monitoring the Natural Environment in the Basin of the Aral Sea, ed. LL Lentovskaya, Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat,1991. p. 4–6.
14 14. Orlovsky L., Orlovsky N. White sand storms in Central Asia. Youlin, Y., Squired, V., Qi, l., (Eds.) 2001. Global Alarm: Dust and sand storms from the World’s Drylands, UNCCD report, Bangkok, 2001, p. 169–201.
15 15. Ptichnikov A., ed. Sustainable Development of Ecology and Land and Water Use through Implementation of a GIS and Remote Sensing Center in Karakalpakstan. Bull. 1, NATO Sci. Peace Proj. 974101. Uzbekistan: Moscow, 2000-2003.
16 16. Micklin P.P. Managing Water in Central Asia. Central Asian and Caucasian Prospects. London: R. Inst. Int. Aff. 2000.
17 17. Micklin P.P. The Aral Sea crisis. In: Nihoul J.C.J, Zavialov P.O, Micklin P.P (eds) Dying and dead seas: climatic versus anthropic causes. NATO science series IV: earth and environmental sciences, Vol. 36. Kluwer, Boston, 2004, p. 99–125.
18 18. Khvorog G.V. ed. Ecological Map of the Near Aral Region. Alma-Ata: Kazakhstan,1992.
19 19. Novikova N. The Tugai of the Aral Sea Region is dying: Can it be restored? Russ. Conserv. News, 1996, 6:22–23.
20 20. Severskiy I., Chervanyov I., Ponamorenko Y., Novikova N.M., Miagkov S.V., et al. Global International Waters Assessment (GIWA) 24, Aral Sea. Univ. Kalmar, Swed., UN Environ. Progr.,2005.
21 21. Chub V.Y. Climate Change and Its Influence on the Natural Resource Potential of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Tashkent: Glavgidromet,2002.
22 22. Palvaniyazov M. The influence of dust storms on the habitats of certain mammals of the coastal zone of the Aral Sea. Probl. OsvoyeniyaPustyn,1989, 1:55–59.
23 23. World Bank (WB). Aral Sea Basin Program (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan)Washington, DC:Water Environ. Manag. Proj., 1998.
24 24. Bel’gibayev M.Y. A dust/salt meter—an apparatus for entraining dust and salt from air currents. Probl. OsvoyeniyaPustyn.,1984, 1:72–74.
25 25. Issanova G., Abuduwaili J., Galayeva O. Semenov O., Bazarbayeva T. 2015. Aeolian transportation of sand and dust in the Aral Sea region. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 12:3213–3224, DOI 10.1007/s13762-015-0753-x
26 26. Abdirov C.A., Agadzhanyan N.A., Vervikhvost A.V., Primbetov K.P., Severin A.Y., et al. Stress reaction of healthy children of Nukus from the effects of ecological factors in Priaral’ye. Vestn. Karakalp. Otdel. Akad. Nauk Resp. Uzb.,1993, 2:15–20.
27 27. Tursunov A.A. The Aral Sea and the ecological situation in Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Gidrotekh.Stroit., 1989, 6:15-22.
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Природные и антропогенные геосистемы
